THE LAST nuclear treaty between Russia and the United States is due to expire within hours, raising the risk of a new arms race in which China will also play a key role.
The web of arms control deals negotiated in the decades since the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, considered the closest the world ever came to intentional nuclear war, was aimed at reducing the chance of a catastrophic nuclear exchange.
Unless Washington and Moscow reach a last-minute understanding of some kind, the world’s two biggest nuclear powers will be left without any limits for the first time in more than half a century when the New START treaty expires.
Costs Could Constrain New Arms Race
Kremlin aide Yuri Ushakov said President Vladimir Putin had discussed the issue in a video call on Wednesday with Chinese President Xi Jinping and told him that Moscow would act “carefully and responsibly”.
“We remain open to exploring avenues for negotiation and ensuring strategic stability,” Ushakov quoted Putin as saying.
There was confusion about the exact time the treaty would lapse, though arms control experts told Reuters they believed this would happen at 2300 GMT on Wednesday – midnight in Prague, where the treaty was signed in 2010.
As the clock ticked towards expiry, Pope Leo urged both sides not to abandon the limits set in the treaty.
“I issue an urgent appeal not to let this instrument lapse,” the first U.S.-born pope said at his weekly audience. “It is more urgent than ever to replace the logic of fear and distrust with a shared ethic, capable of guiding choices toward the common good.”
Matt Korda, associate director for the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists, said that if there were no agreement to extend the treaty’s key provisions, neither Russia nor the United States would be constrained if they wanted to add yet more warheads.
“Without the treaty, each side will be free to upload hundreds of additional warheads onto their deployed missiles and heavy bombers, roughly doubling the sizes of their currently deployed arsenals in the most maximalist scenario,” he said.
Korda said it was important to recognise that the expiry of New START did not necessarily mean an arms race given the cost of nuclear weapons.
U.S. President Donald Trump has given different signals on arms control. He said last month that if the treaty expired, he would reach a better agreement.
So far, Russian officials said, there has been no response from Washington on a proposal by Putin to extend the limits of the treaty beyond expiry.
The Death of Arms Control
Total inventories of nuclear warheads declined to about 12,000 warheads in 2025 from a peak of more than 70,000 in 1986, but the United States and Russia are upgrading their weapons and China has more than doubled its arsenal over the past decade.
Arms control supporters in Moscow and Washington say the expiry of the treaty would not only remove limits on warheads but also damage confidence, trust and the ability to verify nuclear intentions.
Opponents of arms control on both sides say such benefits are nebulous at best and that such treaties hinder nuclear innovation by major powers, allow cheating and essentially narrow the room for manoeuvre of great powers.
Last year, Trump said that he wanted China to be part of arms control and questioned why the United States and Russia should build new nuclear weapons given that they had enough to destroy the world many times over.
“If there’s ever a time when we need nuclear weapons like the kind of weapons that we’re building and that Russia has and that China has to a lesser extent but will have, that’s going to be a very sad day,” he said in February last year.
“That’s going to be probably oblivion.”
